THE OTHER 1619 PROJECT THAT BLOWS THEIR NARRATIVE
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THE OTHER 1619 PROJECT THAT BLOWS THEIR NARRATIVE
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Editor’s Note: The 1619 Project is a revisionist history education program, the creation of Nikole Hannah-Jones, which claims America’s true founding date was 1619, the year slaves from Africa were first brought to the colonies. It is tied to Critical Race Theory. It rewrites history egregiously to propagate their narrative and stoke division and hate. It is being taught in many of our public schools as true history. Read more about it here.
Former President Barack Obama raised eyebrows recently when, on his new podcast co-hosted with Bruce Springsteen, he said he was always open to the idea of reparations for slavery, but never raised the issue as president because of “the politics of white resistance and resentment.”
He further told Springsteen, black reparations are justified because “there’s not much question that the wealth of this country . . . a large portion of it was built on the backs of slaves.” . . .
If “resentful whites” really are a problem on the reparations question (polling does show a sizeable racial gap, at least), a way for the now gung-ho Biden to make the idea more palatable is to consider reparations not just for the black slavery experience but for the white one as well.
English researchers Don Jordan and Michael Walsh’s 2007 book White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain’s White Slaves in America should have been the tour de force that did to the American slavery narrative what The Jungle did to the meatpacking industry. By showing the extent of America’s similarly shameful history of white slavery, it could have exposed the decades of educational mismanagement and distortion of this most important issue.
But in spite of its readability, thoroughness, and expert research, White Cargo failed to ignite interest among those in the academy. It did not influence further books and research, nor did it kickstart a national dialogue on the issue. . . .
“Mortgaged” Whites
With Biden apparently setting the stage for a reparations-push, conservatives must take note. The reality is that in the 17th and 18th centuries, around 300,000 whites, mostly English and disproportionately children, were brought to the colonies to live unnaturally short lives producing cash crops like tobacco and cotton. In its earliest days, at least, the institution of white slavery was about as deadly as what came after it.
While it did not entail permanent ownership, indenture generally carried terms of 7 to 14 years. And, as Jordan and Walsh argue, the fact that it’s often characterized as simply “mortgaging one’s labor and nothing more” is “nonsense.” “In practice,” they write, “autonomy and freedom existed only at the discretion of the master.”
Moreover, quibbling over semantics would not portend well for the schools and media outlets currently promoting the New York Times’s “1619 Project.” . . .
Further, that transaction was a one-off, and precisely because the colonial plantations at the time were already filled with subordinated and malaria-stricken whites. . . .
Taking their cue from arch-abolitionist and Robinson Crusoe-author Daniel Defoe who said at the time that indentured servants should be “more properly called slaves,” Jordan and Walsh write commandingly that, “to be the chattel of another, to be required by law to give absolute obedience in everything and to be subject whippings, brandings and chaining for any show of defiance, as were many whites . . . was to be enslaved.”
“Chattel” certainly seems an apt description. Laws passed by the Virginia statehouse in the early 1600s imposed years of extra bondage on whites caught escaping. Those who merely resisted their master endured public whippings, several days in the stocks, and would sometimes have their ears and noses cut off. . . .
To show how merciless plantation owners were to their co-ethnics, officials in Rhode Island in 1636 had to create a law prohibiting masters from kicking out the sick or injured under the pretense of “freeing” them. Unfortunately, it took Virginia over a century to follow suit.
Dying in Bondage
In rebutting the servant/slave distinction so often used to dismiss the history of white American slavery, the authors compare how actual servants had it back in England. Unlike their American cousins, for instance, their contracts were annual, not multi-year, and couldn’t be unilaterally extended for “broken conditions.” . . .
White American slaves generally came in three types: petty criminals, kidnapped children, and, as Jordan and Walsh call them, “free-willers.” But similar to how impoverished Africans would often sell their children into slavery, the latter was largely composed of dirt-poor peasants who sold themselves to traders out of a desperate hope of someday owning land (which was often promised in phony pamphlets commissioned by American plantation owners).
Unfortunately, Jordan and Walsh found, the majority would die still in bondage. And among those who didn’t, the bulk often ended up landless, poor, and “no better than when they’d arrived.”
The reprehensible practice of hereditary slavery did not feature in the white system, although servants’ children were certainly not untouched. . . .
Erasing a Class
As for white child-slaves brought across the Atlantic—the first of which also arrived in 1619—few would live long enough to reach adulthood. Of the first 300 children shipped between 1619 and 1622 (mostly kidnapped orphans and street kids), only twelve were still alive in 1624. “Evidently,” they wrote, “their bodies had not proved more adaptable to the blistering heat of the Chesapeake than those of adults.”
Just a few years before, in 1615, Virginia tobacco interests successfully lobbied the English parliament to erect a penal colony system. . . .
Besides cheap labor, an additional incentive for harvesting white colonial slaves was the swelling population of London at the time. Due to war and poverty in the countryside, the early 17th century saw levels of vagrancy, prostitution, and petty crime reach unprecedented levels in the English capital. On top of removing these convicts to the colonies, one proposed solution included trading them for Englishmen captured both at sea and on the southern coast by Barbary pirates of modern-day Morocco—another historical phenomenon pushers of the official slavery narrative would do well to study.
Republicans must raise these historical facts in the looming reparations push. The talking points used in the past—i.e. the cost and distribution problems such payments would entail—won’t budge the hyper-emotive Left or light a fire under apathetic independents. That a whole slave class has been omitted from history and disregarded in the discussion about “repairing” past injustices is a moral claim and should be fought as such. . . .
While injecting instances of historical suffering into the public dialogue for political gain doesn’t sit well for white conservatives, or conservatives generally—preferring, as they do, to earn respect through their own achievements rather than through moral intimidation—they certainly have an equal claim to make arguments on these grounds if those are to be the grounds of the argument.
After all, the descendants of those described in White Cargo—people who absolutely suffered institutional subordination, exploitation, and utter misery—were central in forming the nation in its very earliest days. If we are supposed to be so dead-set on settling centuries-old scores, these Americans deserve recognition as well.
What do you think of this information? How can we pray about the past sins of our nation without holding on to them? Share in the comments below. . .
(Excerpt from American Greatness. Article by Bradford H. B.. Photo Credit: Canva.)
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This history is most impressive. Additionally Americans must remember that many Europeans have virtually enslaved each other over the centuries. Prisoners of war were enslaved unto the death. And those who escaped to the US have done their best to find peace & a meaningful life here on these shores. To provide reparations for everyone it’s not possible.We are, after all, the Human Race!
This idea is only further dividing and pitting the races against each other, with a negative outcome of actually creating another pre-slavery mindset: dependence on the government for what you need. That is the government wanting slaves again – at least people with a slavery/dependent mindset.
I don’t see how tens of thousands of Americans who are recent legal immigrants or descendents of immigrants after slavery was abolished in the late 1800’s owe anything. They nor their families ever had slaves nor benefitted from slavery. Using their tax money for such a purpose is taxation with no representation. They weren’t in the U.S during slavery years.
Although, I hate the idea of reparations going to a generation that had nothing to do with the experience of slavery (I think it’s insulting to those who ACTUALLY went through it), if this is the road we’re going down, then I completely agree with this analysis. I’m a black woman and I approve this message lol.
I continue to find it astonishing that any of us, saved or unsaved, regardless of the color of our skin or race… actually discuss and believe that reparations is something we should discuss or even pursue. It’s another ploy of the enemy Satan – trying to subtly get people to believe that $$ is the fix all or band-aid for sinful actions decades ago. I think it’s similar to believing that winning the lottery will “cure everyone’s problems”. The vast majority of people have no idea or knowledgeable ties to people who performed such heinous actions centuries ago. But Satan, true to his deceptive self, is selling reparations in the “guilt by association” realm – which in today’s confused society means attaching false guilt by skin color or “perceived association”.
As a former history teacher and also student of history for 50 years, the idea of demanding monetary reparations is absurd and especially in the framework that those demanding such payments get to “name the form of reparation”. That is so wrong and a total perversion of what this is about.
I believe that we should acknowledge there were wrongs committed by some people but not the entire population or any given race. Demanding an entire race, people, family, society, etc. pay the “named price” is another distorted form of corruption and a false substitute for ” penance or forgiveness”. There is never any mention of God’s forgiveness, mercy or grace in today’s discussed reparations – it’s always a form of “you owe me/us this or that”. That is a perversion and distortion of how this matter should be approached. But what do we expect when ex-president Obama and Springsteen (who sadly is nothing more than a racial “game player”) team up to discuss something minus any true moral compass. As Christians, we must be careful what / who we listen to regarding the ongoing “distortion regarding reparations”. God doesn’t see skin color and he hasn’t been saying “go back and pay up for that offense that took place 400 years ago”. But he is saying stay humble, loving, forgiving, repentant and grounded in the truth of His word.
The Jewish people received their reparations after World War 2…the land of Israel.
Where were they when the Pilgrims landed or when people moved west? The American Indians were mistreated yet we don’t see them uprising but they contributed. We do have the Buffalo soldiers and black Mass. regiment who had to fight to get into the civil war. Some slaves were treated very well and maybe better of than being on their own. Many African Americans contributed and held true to their convictions and gave what they had. [self]. We don’t see Israel demanding retribution from Egypt after 400 years of slavery.
Righting a wrong whenever possible is biblical. If these slaves were alive today, by all means they should be compensated. However, what do reparations fix if they are given to distant descendants of those who were harmed? I grew up in a sate with many Native American reservations. Sadly, the money given to them by the government did not solve anything. Instead, these reparations enslaved a large population of the Native Americans to alcohol and gambling. Learning from the past is a must, however living in the past always leads to bondage. I pray for a powerful move of the Holy Spirit for people everywhere to find their identity in Jesus Christ alone, and not their skin color or heritage. “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.” Galatians 3:28. Jesus alone is the answer to forgive our sins, heal our wounds and end our division.
*Giving land for reservations seems like a reasonable reparation (I have not researched the topic). It is the the monthly checks they receive that are the problem. If the goal is to help Native Americans live off the land independently, like their ancestors, then the government giving the checks and Native Americans accepting the checks seems a little disingenuous and counterproductive.
How about reparations to the 100,000s Northerns who fought to free the slaves with their lives & fortunes??
I had a Great Uncle who served faithfully Union Army.
Reparations is non biblical and nonsense. There has been abuse in many forms to most groups of people. What abouut all the current sex slavery now and that needs to be addressed rather than more welfare type programs which focus on victimization and entitlemen which is not productive and a solution strategy. This is all part of trying to bring socialism in to America. I bind the domination power grabbing demonic forces behind socialism which leads to communism and loose the Dominion of the ekklesia to take back the government in America to restore the biblical values which our founding fathers put into the government structure. I say no to power grabbing domination of our present government and loose the government of God on America. In God we trust.
My 1st known relative arrived from England in 1720, a 16-year-old, traveling alone. He was bound to a Virginia plantation owner.
Reparations are between the offender and the victim.
If you are not a slave you are not a victim.
If you are not a slave owner you are not an offender.
Law is designed to deal with relations between God and man and between man and man (anthropos = male & female)
If the man is dead, all the law can do is execute his last will.
Law CANNOT FIX HISTORY AND SHOULD NOT BE PERVERTED TO DO SO
The Jewish people have been treated worse than any other race in the world. The Irish were treated horribly as well. Why do these groups not ask for reparations? Why is it that the negro people always want something handed to them. They Jewish, and Irish people worked hard and have become a very successful people, without handouts!
Anyone’s ancestors were badly treated at some and place.
And anyone’s ancestors were given common grace from God, that they did not deserve.
End the fake extortion, slander and reparations syndicate — it’s about about jealousy and greed, not law and justice.
If someone wants a better life, they can do it honestly, by keeping God’s commands and the faith of the Lord Jesus Christ. If they don’t want to do this, they should just admit that they want to live an ungodly life.
Lots Japanese had their land taken away in Oregon area when they were gathered up in camps around the country. I think pride and a hard work ethic is missing in our Nation, All of my relatives came through Ellis island. I pray in the Name of Jesus God will turn the hearts and minds of toward the living God who will bring restoration and reparations of the souls, Jesus is the only hope for the United States of America.
Israel was a form of reparations, after the Holocaust.
How was that?
Father, inasmuch as we live in a political and politicized world that is wracked by sin, it is by your grace and mercy that we are here to serve you. I wrestle with the political, get angry, and then you bring me back to the understanding that we cannot change anything by political means but only through the extension of the grace and salvation that you have given to each of your children. That means we can only change one heart at a time via your Holy Spirit opening one’s eyes and hearts to you. Father, help us to remember that when we are screaming at the TV or radio or computer; to call to our attention what you have taught us: change in us only comes through the Gospel. Help us to be bold to share the saving Gospel to all those around and to model it to a sin filled, dying, passing world. In Jesus’s name. Amen.
Amen. 🙏
Holding people guilty for those things that happened hundreds of years before their birth is ridiculous. Those who suffered and those who practiced such cannot be influenced, freed, nor punished. Throwing money at this generation does not change anything at all. Perhaps this acknowledgement brought about the changes needed back in the times this was happening. Man’s inhumanity to man has been going on since Cain killed Able. But in 1619 America was not a nation it was a colony of Great Britain. Let’s start our nation’s history with our Founding Fathers and the struggle to bring forth “One nation under God with liberty and justice for all”. Let’s start with those who built the first colonies before the British sent us their criminals/felons. History cannot be changed, undone or paid for by this generation. Plus American freedoms haters should not be in charge of teaching their version of our history. May God Almighty Creater and Designer of this nation bring forth Truth and Unity in our Nation. Cleanse our government, spit out those who desire the removal of His Truth and place His Chosen ones in Leadership of His Nation. We ask in Jesus Name.
YES! God bless Don Jordan and Michael Walsh for exposing the “dirty little secret” that about the American Colonies’ and the UK’s participation in white slave trade and the West African individuals who participated in the black slave trade. Sin is sin, and it ALL needs to be exposed and dealt with. As for reparations, gosh, some of my ancestors (from Eastern Europe) weren’t even here yet!
America has a past, but we also have a future. In Isaiah 43:18-19 says “forget the former things; do not dwell on the past. See, I am doing a new thing.” The Black or White Communities will never be free unless all can come to the place of repentance and forgiveness. The very heart of freedom for the Black people is forgiveness.” In repentance and rest is your salvation, in quietness and trust is your strength, but you would have none of it.” [Isaiah 30:15]. It is only in relationship with a Living Personnel God can we as a nation come to the place were the past can be forgiven. when Jesus hung on the CROSS, He said “Father forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing”, He saw the “joy set before Him” that salvation would be for all who believe. This is our example of forgiveness and this should be our goal. It is unfortunate that the enemy uses the political, many organizations and even our churches to keep the momentum of a sinful past. It will only be when we can let go and allow the Precious Blood of Jesus wash and cleanse us that the nation can be free of the pain of its past. May God bless Black and White and teach us to move forward for His Glory and His Kingdom.
Obama needs to approach his skeletons .. the crimes against humanity . and all that he has done to harm children and innocent people. Why are we pushing this under the rug ? There is a ton of research and things to back up the trafficking and horrible crimes against humanity that have gone on or a long time right under our noses.. But until the church stops allowing themselves to be backed into t corner and intimidated.. nothing is going to change. Why are you even entertaining what Barack Obama says.. ? He is a very evil man.. and hates our country . ? Same with Bruce Springsteen / but we continue to give them attention . THIS is how they fuel their fires.. because the sheep will not walk away . Expose them for who they are.. they need to be held accountable.. and stop turning your heads to the crimes against the children.
I believe that the very high rate of employment of minorities during the last presidency was God’s was of restitution. He always is moving in reconciliation, we just need to recognize it.
Dear Nancy, I think Understand where you are coming from.
Even so, I find it hard to believe that descendants should pay for their ancestors wro ngdoings..
None of them are paying current bills!
Slavey has always existed; we are slaves to righteousness or slaves to sin. One is positive (good) and one is negative (evil). It’s always been a battle and will continue to be a battle until He comes again. Because Adam and Eve fell into it, we are all not only born into it, but conceived in it. There is no escape, but there is a cure: Jesus Christ, our Savior and Lord. The only payment that erases bondage is the price Jesus paid on the cross. It is for freedom’s sake that we are set free. Christ died to set us free; let’s honor Him by living like we’re are.
One thing I never understood about this 1619 project is what comes at the very beginning…”America’s true founding date was 1619, the year slaves from Africa were first brought to the colonies.” Who brought them? My understanding is that they were sold by their own people….please correct me if I’m wrong, but if I’m not, the problem is they were not valued by their own people. That’s the real problem – failing to see the worth and value of all God’s creation. It is a lie to believe that financial payments would do anything to erase past, present or future sin. It took the blood of Christ to do that. And if money is the root of all evil…let’s not be fooled into believing it would bring about good. What this world needs is a lot more Jesus.
It just seems everything is about money, paybacks or pay forwards to correct an event a human caused. God is in control and he has said in His Word vengence is mine. We should not always be trying to get back at someone. Be in the Word, learn what Jesus would have us do. I pray for some moral mentality in our congressman and women’s hearts and mind. Please pray for some moral thoughts to be back in the marketplace of government.
Slavery,in any form is a horrible thing. However, where does this end? Do we demolish the ruins of Rome, Greece, Egypt, all the tribes of Central and South America? Do we punish the tribes of Africa, or the Native Americans who took captives as slaves? Throughout history slavery has been implemented. There is probably no group that was not enslaved at some point in history. Even in the Bible it is noted. Reparations would only punish those who had no hand in slavery and further divide our country. Also, we should quit trying to assess the past with today’s norms. We should recoginize our history, good and bad, for what it is…history. We learn (hopefully) from the mistakes of the past. That is, unless we try to erase the past. That said, prayer is certainly needed for healing on all sides in this issue.
I am sorry but I think this is all nonsense. Paying black reparations, white reparations, Irish reparations, Indian reparation. Where does it stop. Just about every nationality has had some kind of slavery done to them and could say they deserve reparation. I mean honestly women through the centuries could start saying the same thing. Children too. Slavery has been an issue all through the centuries all the way back to the book of Genesis. There are even verses in the scripture telling one how to treat their slaves and how slaves are to submit to their masters. Just because its in the Bible does not make slavery right but God knew because we live in a fallen world that He needed to give man guidelines on how to treat each other and because of our sin nature slavery was going to happen so He gave laws on how to treat slaves. We are all slaves in some form to this world. To our employees. To sin. No one is free apart from Messiah and leaving this world. All this reparation paying is just another form by the liberals to cause a greater division of hostility and hate between the races. I do not see how any of this is going to go away as long as you have people in positions of authority with an evil spirit whose goal is to truly cause division in this land by pitting us against each other. The Bible says we are to forgive those who trespass against us. The blacks need to forgive the ancestors of the whites, and the whites need to forgive the ancestors of other races that have sinned against them too. Same with Irish and Indians and any race that feels like they were abused and used. This reparation thing could multiply to the point everyone has a right in some form of reparation. “God have mercy on us as a nation. We have fallen into the depths of sin that apart from YOU stepping in we have no hope. Remove those from office who agenda is not in the best interest of this nation. Those who sow discord and hate and division, all those things YOU hate. Father remove them. Father move upon the hearts of the people of this nation. Open their eyes up to the truth of what is really going on. The evil that is behind reparation. Open their eyes up to the truth of YOU. That you already paid for the sins of all people and YOU are the only one who can judge and bring judgement. I pray that in spite of the agenda of those that are evil that YOU YEHOVAH would bring unity and love and compassion and kindnesss to Americans between each other. That one by one you would change people by the gospel of Messiah and created in them clean hearts and renew a right spirit with in them with each other and with YOU.” Amen.
Amen!Amen!Amen! God be with us. Lead us Lord! To God be the glory great things He has done! Satan get behind us and may all the fiery darts of the evil one richocet back on them and remove them. We need Thee God! Thank you for directing our path every day! Send your angel armies to help us accomplish your will! In Jesus name Amen!
Is not the purpose of all government slavery of all not in power? It isn’t taught that way in our “Civics” courses but it is still reality. Is not the Greek definition of democrat'”rule of demons”? Can anyone tell me the Greek definition of a “Republican”?
I believe that ‘reparation’ was made during the Civil War and the cost of it was exorbitant. My family settled in Massachusetts in 1635, lived in the same town for nine generations and never owned a slave. They were hard-working people who made their living in local trades. Many of my family members fought and died in the Civil War to right the injustice of slavery. Wasn’t that reparation enough?
Wherever there is man, there are problems. This is unavoidable. The heart is desperately wicked, who can trust it? The only answer is Jesus. He is really the bottom line. Without Him, we live in and by the law of the jungle. Praying for another great awakening to overtake the USA and the world, God willing, and if not Come quickly Lord Jesus!
If these people who are so focused on reparations honestly cared about slavery, they would be fighting to end modern day slavery. They would not want an open border which facilitates human trafficking. The calls for reparations are based on greed and political manipulation.
Lord, teach us all to forgive as we want to be forgiven, and to treat others as we want to be treated. Amen.
The Truth comes out in actual history and preserving it! And yes today’s slavery in human trafficking, is left out in the conversation! Thank you for writing this article. We need to speak out about the true facts and then move forward to abolish ALL slavery.
As Christians we are to forgive and forget all sins, this is a lie from the pit of hell. The Lord has forgiven all our sins and has instructed us to do the same. I asked the Lord about racial inequality and what to do about those who think we owe them for slavery. I said Lord, neither I nor my family owned slaves. My family came from Europe, but many people believe that all white people should pay for the racial prejudices of this nation. He said if a Christian does not forgive their brother for all their sins, then neither will I or the father forgive them. He said let their unforgiveness be upon me, only I can truly free them from what has been done to them. We should pray for the Lord to heal their wounds, even if they get a payment, they will never be free, they will continue to walk in bondage of unforgiveness. Those who stir up this racial divide have not received cleansing from the Holy Spirit. Those who say something is owed to them are walking in spiritual darkness. I pray for the Lord to remove the Spirit of darkness off this nation. We do not owe anything to anyone but Jesus. He is our truth, we have eternal forgiveness and we have to speak truth to those who are in the bondages of darkness. Even in the natural, we have to move toward removing this idea of making reparation for every past failure of this country. United we stand and divided we fall. We have to pray for a unity that only God can give us. Pray that the enemy take his hands off our country, off our children, off our government officials etc. Pray that the Lord will silence the mouth of instigators and liars, and give us the courage to speak truth.
And Lord God we forgive former President Obama for hating America, for deception in being the words of President Biden and Dem-Soc-Com party and the spewing of hate and everything that comes with it. We ask for forgiveness of all people who have not accepted Jesus as their Savior and ask the Spirit to bring a great awakening to the USA! In the name of Jesus we pray. Amen.
Show me the people who were hurt by what happened in 1619 and I will concede to their payments. Show me how many black people were enslaved in New England by my ancestors, and I will be even more more interested in making things right, However, I honestly don’t believe that anyone can repay those who wee truly injured in this way, about 400 years after 1619. My folks had nothing to do with the Virginia settlement.
My ancestors were in Eastern Europe then.Ipray for the Lord to bind all this eil. I pray for spiritual revival among the nations of the world.
We should learn from the past, not repeat it. To bring reparations to everyone would not change one thing, except dredge up vengeful emotions. If we have learned to not enslave people, then why today, are 1000’s of women and children being enslaved in the sordid
s*x-slavery the rich desire. Spend all this energy on stopping what is going on-Today! 🙏🏼Father, protect the children, in Jesus name we pray, Amen
Reparations were paid in the loss of lives.Economies and cities were destroyed in the slave states in the civil war. All that had to be rebuilt in a slave free Society
If they are going to use reparations with the blacks, they should also give reparations to the American Indians that hey stole the land from
Rather than being an American problem, wasn’t this from the British Empire? And then we fought a war to free ourselves from the British. Back then, Virginia was a British colony. Why should we pay for injustices the British did.
Truly sickening, I had never heard this. Another proof of our disregard and disrespect for God and His creations. Our need for our savior, Jesus.
Any type of treatment of those who are less fortunate that would cause them to be treated unfairly under such horrible conditions is steeped in hatred & superiority over another. May our Heavenly Father forgive our nation for participating in such horrendous acts towards our fellow brethren in Jesus Name Amen.
Black articles & Books deny the concept of IRISH SLAVERY. They put it under INDENTURED SERVITUDE. But, there were slaves. They were mostly brought to the West Indies. During sales, a Black female slave was sold for 50#. An Irish female slave sold for a mere 5#. As this article states, Indentured servitude was as bad as slavery. Yes, when honestly carried out, there was a reward of gaining the passage to America or some monetary or land exchange. But, they mostly were living as slaves. The WASPS colonized continents & Nations. They treated the ppl of that country as slaves. They raped the countries of their natural resources. They raped their women. The strong always rule over the weak. There is slavery today! Reparations for what? Payment for what?
If anything is earned, let it be a free education. Teaching all less fortunate ppl, gives them an opportunity to advance on their own steam. Never reimburse w money. God bless all who suffered at the hands of the strong.
Amen, except, leave out WASP, don’t blanket the evil of the world to one group, while leaving out the good most of those did included in that group.